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- """
- TLS with SNI_-support for Python 2. Follow these instructions if you would
- like to verify TLS certificates in Python 2. Note, the default libraries do
- *not* do certificate checking; you need to do additional work to validate
- certificates yourself.
- This needs the following packages installed:
- * `pyOpenSSL`_ (tested with 16.0.0)
- * `cryptography`_ (minimum 1.3.4, from pyopenssl)
- * `idna`_ (minimum 2.0, from cryptography)
- However, pyopenssl depends on cryptography, which depends on idna, so while we
- use all three directly here we end up having relatively few packages required.
- You can install them with the following command:
- .. code-block:: bash
- $ python -m pip install pyopenssl cryptography idna
- To activate certificate checking, call
- :func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
- before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
- module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
- like this:
- .. code-block:: python
- try:
- import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
- urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
- except ImportError:
- pass
- Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
- when the required modules are installed.
- Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
- compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
- .. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
- .. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
- .. _pyopenssl: https://www.pyopenssl.org
- .. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io
- .. _idna: https://github.com/kjd/idna
- """
- from __future__ import absolute_import
- import OpenSSL.SSL
- from cryptography import x509
- from cryptography.hazmat.backends.openssl import backend as openssl_backend
- from cryptography.hazmat.backends.openssl.x509 import _Certificate
- try:
- from cryptography.x509 import UnsupportedExtension
- except ImportError:
- # UnsupportedExtension is gone in cryptography >= 2.1.0
- class UnsupportedExtension(Exception):
- pass
- from io import BytesIO
- from socket import error as SocketError
- from socket import timeout
- try: # Platform-specific: Python 2
- from socket import _fileobject
- except ImportError: # Platform-specific: Python 3
- _fileobject = None
- from ..packages.backports.makefile import backport_makefile
- import logging
- import ssl
- import sys
- from .. import util
- from ..packages import six
- from ..util.ssl_ import PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
- __all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
- # SNI always works.
- HAS_SNI = True
- # Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
- _openssl_versions = {
- util.PROTOCOL_TLS: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
- PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
- ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
- }
- if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv3") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "SSLv3_METHOD"):
- _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3] = OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD
- if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_1_METHOD"):
- _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
- if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_2_METHOD"):
- _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
- _stdlib_to_openssl_verify = {
- ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
- ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
- ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER
- + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
- }
- _openssl_to_stdlib_verify = dict((v, k) for k, v in _stdlib_to_openssl_verify.items())
- # OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
- SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
- orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
- orig_util_SSLContext = util.ssl_.SSLContext
- log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
- def inject_into_urllib3():
- "Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support."
- _validate_dependencies_met()
- util.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext
- util.ssl_.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext
- util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
- util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
- util.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
- util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
- def extract_from_urllib3():
- "Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`."
- util.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
- util.ssl_.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
- util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
- util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
- util.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
- util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
- def _validate_dependencies_met():
- """
- Verifies that PyOpenSSL's package-level dependencies have been met.
- Throws `ImportError` if they are not met.
- """
- # Method added in `cryptography==1.1`; not available in older versions
- from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extensions
- if getattr(Extensions, "get_extension_for_class", None) is None:
- raise ImportError(
- "'cryptography' module missing required functionality. "
- "Try upgrading to v1.3.4 or newer."
- )
- # pyOpenSSL 0.14 and above use cryptography for OpenSSL bindings. The _x509
- # attribute is only present on those versions.
- from OpenSSL.crypto import X509
- x509 = X509()
- if getattr(x509, "_x509", None) is None:
- raise ImportError(
- "'pyOpenSSL' module missing required functionality. "
- "Try upgrading to v0.14 or newer."
- )
- def _dnsname_to_stdlib(name):
- """
- Converts a dNSName SubjectAlternativeName field to the form used by the
- standard library on the given Python version.
- Cryptography produces a dNSName as a unicode string that was idna-decoded
- from ASCII bytes. We need to idna-encode that string to get it back, and
- then on Python 3 we also need to convert to unicode via UTF-8 (the stdlib
- uses PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize on it, which decodes via UTF-8).
- If the name cannot be idna-encoded then we return None signalling that
- the name given should be skipped.
- """
- def idna_encode(name):
- """
- Borrowed wholesale from the Python Cryptography Project. It turns out
- that we can't just safely call `idna.encode`: it can explode for
- wildcard names. This avoids that problem.
- """
- import idna
- try:
- for prefix in [u"*.", u"."]:
- if name.startswith(prefix):
- name = name[len(prefix) :]
- return prefix.encode("ascii") + idna.encode(name)
- return idna.encode(name)
- except idna.core.IDNAError:
- return None
- # Don't send IPv6 addresses through the IDNA encoder.
- if ":" in name:
- return name
- name = idna_encode(name)
- if name is None:
- return None
- elif sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
- name = name.decode("utf-8")
- return name
- def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
- """
- Given an PyOpenSSL certificate, provides all the subject alternative names.
- """
- # Pass the cert to cryptography, which has much better APIs for this.
- if hasattr(peer_cert, "to_cryptography"):
- cert = peer_cert.to_cryptography()
- else:
- # This is technically using private APIs, but should work across all
- # relevant versions before PyOpenSSL got a proper API for this.
- cert = _Certificate(openssl_backend, peer_cert._x509)
- # We want to find the SAN extension. Ask Cryptography to locate it (it's
- # faster than looping in Python)
- try:
- ext = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName).value
- except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
- # No such extension, return the empty list.
- return []
- except (
- x509.DuplicateExtension,
- UnsupportedExtension,
- x509.UnsupportedGeneralNameType,
- UnicodeError,
- ) as e:
- # A problem has been found with the quality of the certificate. Assume
- # no SAN field is present.
- log.warning(
- "A problem was encountered with the certificate that prevented "
- "urllib3 from finding the SubjectAlternativeName field. This can "
- "affect certificate validation. The error was %s",
- e,
- )
- return []
- # We want to return dNSName and iPAddress fields. We need to cast the IPs
- # back to strings because the match_hostname function wants them as
- # strings.
- # Sadly the DNS names need to be idna encoded and then, on Python 3, UTF-8
- # decoded. This is pretty frustrating, but that's what the standard library
- # does with certificates, and so we need to attempt to do the same.
- # We also want to skip over names which cannot be idna encoded.
- names = [
- ("DNS", name)
- for name in map(_dnsname_to_stdlib, ext.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName))
- if name is not None
- ]
- names.extend(
- ("IP Address", str(name)) for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.IPAddress)
- )
- return names
- class WrappedSocket(object):
- """API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
- Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
- collector of pypy.
- """
- def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
- self.connection = connection
- self.socket = socket
- self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
- self._makefile_refs = 0
- self._closed = False
- def fileno(self):
- return self.socket.fileno()
- # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
- def _decref_socketios(self):
- if self._makefile_refs > 0:
- self._makefile_refs -= 1
- if self._closed:
- self.close()
- def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
- try:
- data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
- except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
- if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
- return b""
- else:
- raise SocketError(str(e))
- except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
- if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
- return b""
- else:
- raise
- except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
- if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
- raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
- else:
- return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
- # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
- except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
- raise ssl.SSLError("read error: %r" % e)
- else:
- return data
- def recv_into(self, *args, **kwargs):
- try:
- return self.connection.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
- except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
- if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
- return 0
- else:
- raise SocketError(str(e))
- except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
- if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
- return 0
- else:
- raise
- except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
- if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
- raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
- else:
- return self.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
- # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
- except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
- raise ssl.SSLError("read error: %r" % e)
- def settimeout(self, timeout):
- return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
- def _send_until_done(self, data):
- while True:
- try:
- return self.connection.send(data)
- except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
- if not util.wait_for_write(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
- raise timeout()
- continue
- except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
- raise SocketError(str(e))
- def sendall(self, data):
- total_sent = 0
- while total_sent < len(data):
- sent = self._send_until_done(
- data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE]
- )
- total_sent += sent
- def shutdown(self):
- # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
- self.connection.shutdown()
- def close(self):
- if self._makefile_refs < 1:
- try:
- self._closed = True
- return self.connection.close()
- except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
- return
- else:
- self._makefile_refs -= 1
- def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
- x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
- if not x509:
- return x509
- if binary_form:
- return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509)
- return {
- "subject": ((("commonName", x509.get_subject().CN),),),
- "subjectAltName": get_subj_alt_name(x509),
- }
- def version(self):
- return self.connection.get_protocol_version_name()
- def _reuse(self):
- self._makefile_refs += 1
- def _drop(self):
- if self._makefile_refs < 1:
- self.close()
- else:
- self._makefile_refs -= 1
- if _fileobject: # Platform-specific: Python 2
- def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
- self._makefile_refs += 1
- return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
- else: # Platform-specific: Python 3
- makefile = backport_makefile
- WrappedSocket.makefile = makefile
- class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
- """
- I am a wrapper class for the PyOpenSSL ``Context`` object. I am responsible
- for translating the interface of the standard library ``SSLContext`` object
- to calls into PyOpenSSL.
- """
- def __init__(self, protocol):
- self.protocol = _openssl_versions[protocol]
- self._ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(self.protocol)
- self._options = 0
- self.check_hostname = False
- @property
- def options(self):
- return self._options
- @options.setter
- def options(self, value):
- self._options = value
- self._ctx.set_options(value)
- @property
- def verify_mode(self):
- return _openssl_to_stdlib_verify[self._ctx.get_verify_mode()]
- @verify_mode.setter
- def verify_mode(self, value):
- self._ctx.set_verify(_stdlib_to_openssl_verify[value], _verify_callback)
- def set_default_verify_paths(self):
- self._ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
- def set_ciphers(self, ciphers):
- if isinstance(ciphers, six.text_type):
- ciphers = ciphers.encode("utf-8")
- self._ctx.set_cipher_list(ciphers)
- def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
- if cafile is not None:
- cafile = cafile.encode("utf-8")
- if capath is not None:
- capath = capath.encode("utf-8")
- try:
- self._ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath)
- if cadata is not None:
- self._ctx.load_verify_locations(BytesIO(cadata))
- except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
- raise ssl.SSLError("unable to load trusted certificates: %r" % e)
- def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
- self._ctx.use_certificate_chain_file(certfile)
- if password is not None:
- if not isinstance(password, six.binary_type):
- password = password.encode("utf-8")
- self._ctx.set_passwd_cb(lambda *_: password)
- self._ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile or certfile)
- def set_alpn_protocols(self, protocols):
- protocols = [six.ensure_binary(p) for p in protocols]
- return self._ctx.set_alpn_protos(protocols)
- def wrap_socket(
- self,
- sock,
- server_side=False,
- do_handshake_on_connect=True,
- suppress_ragged_eofs=True,
- server_hostname=None,
- ):
- cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(self._ctx, sock)
- if isinstance(server_hostname, six.text_type): # Platform-specific: Python 3
- server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
- if server_hostname is not None:
- cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
- cnx.set_connect_state()
- while True:
- try:
- cnx.do_handshake()
- except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
- if not util.wait_for_read(sock, sock.gettimeout()):
- raise timeout("select timed out")
- continue
- except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
- raise ssl.SSLError("bad handshake: %r" % e)
- break
- return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
- def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
- return err_no == 0
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