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- # -*- coding: utf-8; fill-column: 76 -*-
- """Signals and events.
- A small implementation of signals, inspired by a snippet of Django signal
- API client code seen in a blog post. Signals are first-class objects and
- each manages its own receivers and message emission.
- The :func:`signal` function provides singleton behavior for named signals.
- """
- from warnings import warn
- from weakref import WeakValueDictionary
- from blinker._utilities import (
- WeakTypes,
- contextmanager,
- defaultdict,
- hashable_identity,
- lazy_property,
- reference,
- symbol,
- )
- ANY = symbol('ANY')
- ANY.__doc__ = 'Token for "any sender".'
- ANY_ID = 0
- class Signal(object):
- """A notification emitter."""
- #: An :obj:`ANY` convenience synonym, allows ``Signal.ANY``
- #: without an additional import.
- ANY = ANY
- @lazy_property
- def receiver_connected(self):
- """Emitted after each :meth:`connect`.
- The signal sender is the signal instance, and the :meth:`connect`
- arguments are passed through: *receiver*, *sender*, and *weak*.
- .. versionadded:: 1.2
- """
- return Signal(doc="Emitted after a receiver connects.")
- @lazy_property
- def receiver_disconnected(self):
- """Emitted after :meth:`disconnect`.
- The sender is the signal instance, and the :meth:`disconnect` arguments
- are passed through: *receiver* and *sender*.
- Note, this signal is emitted **only** when :meth:`disconnect` is
- called explicitly.
- The disconnect signal can not be emitted by an automatic disconnect
- (due to a weakly referenced receiver or sender going out of scope),
- as the receiver and/or sender instances are no longer available for
- use at the time this signal would be emitted.
- An alternative approach is available by subscribing to
- :attr:`receiver_connected` and setting up a custom weakref cleanup
- callback on weak receivers and senders.
- .. versionadded:: 1.2
- """
- return Signal(doc="Emitted after a receiver disconnects.")
- def __init__(self, doc=None):
- """
- :param doc: optional. If provided, will be assigned to the signal's
- __doc__ attribute.
- """
- if doc:
- self.__doc__ = doc
- #: A mapping of connected receivers.
- #:
- #: The values of this mapping are not meaningful outside of the
- #: internal :class:`Signal` implementation, however the boolean value
- #: of the mapping is useful as an extremely efficient check to see if
- #: any receivers are connected to the signal.
- self.receivers = {}
- self._by_receiver = defaultdict(set)
- self._by_sender = defaultdict(set)
- self._weak_senders = {}
- def connect(self, receiver, sender=ANY, weak=True):
- """Connect *receiver* to signal events sent by *sender*.
- :param receiver: A callable. Will be invoked by :meth:`send` with
- `sender=` as a single positional argument and any \*\*kwargs that
- were provided to a call to :meth:`send`.
- :param sender: Any object or :obj:`ANY`, defaults to ``ANY``.
- Restricts notifications delivered to *receiver* to only those
- :meth:`send` emissions sent by *sender*. If ``ANY``, the receiver
- will always be notified. A *receiver* may be connected to
- multiple *sender* values on the same Signal through multiple calls
- to :meth:`connect`.
- :param weak: If true, the Signal will hold a weakref to *receiver*
- and automatically disconnect when *receiver* goes out of scope or
- is garbage collected. Defaults to True.
- """
- receiver_id = hashable_identity(receiver)
- if weak:
- receiver_ref = reference(receiver, self._cleanup_receiver)
- receiver_ref.receiver_id = receiver_id
- else:
- receiver_ref = receiver
- if sender is ANY:
- sender_id = ANY_ID
- else:
- sender_id = hashable_identity(sender)
- self.receivers.setdefault(receiver_id, receiver_ref)
- self._by_sender[sender_id].add(receiver_id)
- self._by_receiver[receiver_id].add(sender_id)
- del receiver_ref
- if sender is not ANY and sender_id not in self._weak_senders:
- # wire together a cleanup for weakref-able senders
- try:
- sender_ref = reference(sender, self._cleanup_sender)
- sender_ref.sender_id = sender_id
- except TypeError:
- pass
- else:
- self._weak_senders.setdefault(sender_id, sender_ref)
- del sender_ref
- # broadcast this connection. if receivers raise, disconnect.
- if ('receiver_connected' in self.__dict__ and
- self.receiver_connected.receivers):
- try:
- self.receiver_connected.send(self,
- receiver=receiver,
- sender=sender,
- weak=weak)
- except:
- self.disconnect(receiver, sender)
- raise
- if receiver_connected.receivers and self is not receiver_connected:
- try:
- receiver_connected.send(self,
- receiver_arg=receiver,
- sender_arg=sender,
- weak_arg=weak)
- except:
- self.disconnect(receiver, sender)
- raise
- return receiver
- def connect_via(self, sender, weak=False):
- """Connect the decorated function as a receiver for *sender*.
- :param sender: Any object or :obj:`ANY`. The decorated function
- will only receive :meth:`send` emissions sent by *sender*. If
- ``ANY``, the receiver will always be notified. A function may be
- decorated multiple times with differing *sender* values.
- :param weak: If true, the Signal will hold a weakref to the
- decorated function and automatically disconnect when *receiver*
- goes out of scope or is garbage collected. Unlike
- :meth:`connect`, this defaults to False.
- The decorated function will be invoked by :meth:`send` with
- `sender=` as a single positional argument and any \*\*kwargs that
- were provided to the call to :meth:`send`.
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
- """
- def decorator(fn):
- self.connect(fn, sender, weak)
- return fn
- return decorator
- @contextmanager
- def connected_to(self, receiver, sender=ANY):
- """Execute a block with the signal temporarily connected to *receiver*.
- :param receiver: a receiver callable
- :param sender: optional, a sender to filter on
- This is a context manager for use in the ``with`` statement. It can
- be useful in unit tests. *receiver* is connected to the signal for
- the duration of the ``with`` block, and will be disconnected
- automatically when exiting the block:
- .. testsetup::
- from __future__ import with_statement
- from blinker import Signal
- on_ready = Signal()
- receiver = lambda sender: None
- .. testcode::
- with on_ready.connected_to(receiver):
- # do stuff
- on_ready.send(123)
- .. versionadded:: 1.1
- """
- self.connect(receiver, sender=sender, weak=False)
- try:
- yield None
- except:
- self.disconnect(receiver)
- raise
- else:
- self.disconnect(receiver)
- def temporarily_connected_to(self, receiver, sender=ANY):
- """An alias for :meth:`connected_to`.
- :param receiver: a receiver callable
- :param sender: optional, a sender to filter on
- .. versionadded:: 0.9
- .. versionchanged:: 1.1
- Renamed to :meth:`connected_to`. ``temporarily_connected_to`` was
- deprecated in 1.2 and will be removed in a subsequent version.
- """
- warn("temporarily_connected_to is deprecated; "
- "use connected_to instead.",
- DeprecationWarning)
- return self.connected_to(receiver, sender)
- def send(self, *sender, **kwargs):
- """Emit this signal on behalf of *sender*, passing on \*\*kwargs.
- Returns a list of 2-tuples, pairing receivers with their return
- value. The ordering of receiver notification is undefined.
- :param \*sender: Any object or ``None``. If omitted, synonymous
- with ``None``. Only accepts one positional argument.
- :param \*\*kwargs: Data to be sent to receivers.
- """
- # Using '*sender' rather than 'sender=None' allows 'sender' to be
- # used as a keyword argument- i.e. it's an invisible name in the
- # function signature.
- if len(sender) == 0:
- sender = None
- elif len(sender) > 1:
- raise TypeError('send() accepts only one positional argument, '
- '%s given' % len(sender))
- else:
- sender = sender[0]
- if not self.receivers:
- return []
- else:
- return [(receiver, receiver(sender, **kwargs))
- for receiver in self.receivers_for(sender)]
- def has_receivers_for(self, sender):
- """True if there is probably a receiver for *sender*.
- Performs an optimistic check only. Does not guarantee that all
- weakly referenced receivers are still alive. See
- :meth:`receivers_for` for a stronger search.
- """
- if not self.receivers:
- return False
- if self._by_sender[ANY_ID]:
- return True
- if sender is ANY:
- return False
- return hashable_identity(sender) in self._by_sender
- def receivers_for(self, sender):
- """Iterate all live receivers listening for *sender*."""
- # TODO: test receivers_for(ANY)
- if self.receivers:
- sender_id = hashable_identity(sender)
- if sender_id in self._by_sender:
- ids = (self._by_sender[ANY_ID] |
- self._by_sender[sender_id])
- else:
- ids = self._by_sender[ANY_ID].copy()
- for receiver_id in ids:
- receiver = self.receivers.get(receiver_id)
- if receiver is None:
- continue
- if isinstance(receiver, WeakTypes):
- strong = receiver()
- if strong is None:
- self._disconnect(receiver_id, ANY_ID)
- continue
- receiver = strong
- yield receiver
- def disconnect(self, receiver, sender=ANY):
- """Disconnect *receiver* from this signal's events.
- :param receiver: a previously :meth:`connected<connect>` callable
- :param sender: a specific sender to disconnect from, or :obj:`ANY`
- to disconnect from all senders. Defaults to ``ANY``.
- """
- if sender is ANY:
- sender_id = ANY_ID
- else:
- sender_id = hashable_identity(sender)
- receiver_id = hashable_identity(receiver)
- self._disconnect(receiver_id, sender_id)
- if ('receiver_disconnected' in self.__dict__ and
- self.receiver_disconnected.receivers):
- self.receiver_disconnected.send(self,
- receiver=receiver,
- sender=sender)
- def _disconnect(self, receiver_id, sender_id):
- if sender_id == ANY_ID:
- if self._by_receiver.pop(receiver_id, False):
- for bucket in self._by_sender.values():
- bucket.discard(receiver_id)
- self.receivers.pop(receiver_id, None)
- else:
- self._by_sender[sender_id].discard(receiver_id)
- self._by_receiver[receiver_id].discard(sender_id)
- def _cleanup_receiver(self, receiver_ref):
- """Disconnect a receiver from all senders."""
- self._disconnect(receiver_ref.receiver_id, ANY_ID)
- def _cleanup_sender(self, sender_ref):
- """Disconnect all receivers from a sender."""
- sender_id = sender_ref.sender_id
- assert sender_id != ANY_ID
- self._weak_senders.pop(sender_id, None)
- for receiver_id in self._by_sender.pop(sender_id, ()):
- self._by_receiver[receiver_id].discard(sender_id)
- def _cleanup_bookkeeping(self):
- """Prune unused sender/receiver bookeeping. Not threadsafe.
- Connecting & disconnecting leave behind a small amount of bookeeping
- for the receiver and sender values. Typical workloads using Blinker,
- for example in most web apps, Flask, CLI scripts, etc., are not
- adversely affected by this bookkeeping.
- With a long-running Python process performing dynamic signal routing
- with high volume- e.g. connecting to function closures, "senders" are
- all unique object instances, and doing all of this over and over- you
- may see memory usage will grow due to extraneous bookeeping. (An empty
- set() for each stale sender/receiver pair.)
- This method will prune that bookeeping away, with the caveat that such
- pruning is not threadsafe. The risk is that cleanup of a fully
- disconnected receiver/sender pair occurs while another thread is
- connecting that same pair. If you are in the highly dynamic, unique
- receiver/sender situation that has lead you to this method, that
- failure mode is perhaps not a big deal for you.
- """
- for mapping in (self._by_sender, self._by_receiver):
- for _id, bucket in list(mapping.items()):
- if not bucket:
- mapping.pop(_id, None)
- def _clear_state(self):
- """Throw away all signal state. Useful for unit tests."""
- self._weak_senders.clear()
- self.receivers.clear()
- self._by_sender.clear()
- self._by_receiver.clear()
- receiver_connected = Signal("""\
- Sent by a :class:`Signal` after a receiver connects.
- :argument: the Signal that was connected to
- :keyword receiver_arg: the connected receiver
- :keyword sender_arg: the sender to connect to
- :keyword weak_arg: true if the connection to receiver_arg is a weak reference
- .. deprecated:: 1.2
- As of 1.2, individual signals have their own private
- :attr:`~Signal.receiver_connected` and
- :attr:`~Signal.receiver_disconnected` signals with a slightly simplified
- call signature. This global signal is planned to be removed in 1.6.
- """)
- class NamedSignal(Signal):
- """A named generic notification emitter."""
- def __init__(self, name, doc=None):
- Signal.__init__(self, doc)
- #: The name of this signal.
- self.name = name
- def __repr__(self):
- base = Signal.__repr__(self)
- return "%s; %r>" % (base[:-1], self.name)
- class Namespace(dict):
- """A mapping of signal names to signals."""
- def signal(self, name, doc=None):
- """Return the :class:`NamedSignal` *name*, creating it if required.
- Repeated calls to this function will return the same signal object.
- """
- try:
- return self[name]
- except KeyError:
- return self.setdefault(name, NamedSignal(name, doc))
- class WeakNamespace(WeakValueDictionary):
- """A weak mapping of signal names to signals.
- Automatically cleans up unused Signals when the last reference goes out
- of scope. This namespace implementation exists for a measure of legacy
- compatibility with Blinker <= 1.2, and may be dropped in the future.
- .. versionadded:: 1.3
- """
- def signal(self, name, doc=None):
- """Return the :class:`NamedSignal` *name*, creating it if required.
- Repeated calls to this function will return the same signal object.
- """
- try:
- return self[name]
- except KeyError:
- return self.setdefault(name, NamedSignal(name, doc))
- signal = Namespace().signal
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